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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults suffering from ADHD also suffer from comorbid conditions, such as major depressive disorder (Kessler and colleagues 2006). Many patients do not respond to medication for depression and may benefit from psychotherapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and increase levels of certain brain chemicals. The most frequently prescribed stimulants include amphetamine, methylphenidate, and similar drugs. Medicines Adults are able to take many different medications that are used for ADHD in children. The dosages and effects differ. A doctor will consider the individual's medical history, family history, and other health issues to determine which medicine is the best for him or her. The most common ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by adjusting the levels of norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. Stimulants like methylphenidate (also called Adderall) and dextroamphetamine enhance the supply of neurotransmitters, which help improve focus, reduce impulsivity and decrease aggression. These stimulants are available in various forms, such as liquids, skin patches and chewable tablets. These stimulants that last longer are popular because they improve patient compliance and a smoother, longer-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is important to remember that comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression may affect the response to ADHD medication. It is therefore recommended that these psychiatric issues be treated first before medications be used as a secondary measure. The medications that are used to treat comorbid mood disorders include atomoxetine and bupropion and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004). Certain patients might suffer from a “rebound effect” in which their ADHD symptoms get worse after stopping stimulant medications. In these cases it is possible to try a short-term trial of a low-dose stimulant medication may be beneficial. Some people are unable take stimulant medication or take it because of the misuse of drugs or other health conditions like heart or hypertension problems that are severe. In these situations, nonstimulant drugs such as atomoxetine and viloxazine are effective. These drugs don't have the same side effects as stimulants, and are less likely to be misused or diverted. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (talk therapy) can be beneficial for those suffering from ADHD. It can help people with ADHD to improve their lives, deal with stress and anxiety, manage conflicts, or deal with problems at work or in relationships. It can also help those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing such as depression and substance use disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as well as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and schema therapy. These therapies are based on the idea that thoughts and beliefs influence how a person is feeling, thinks and behaves. CBT helps a person identify negative behaviors and thinking patterns, and then develops and implements strategies to change these patterns. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy utilizes meditation techniques to teach a person how to focus on their emotions and thoughts, manage their impulses and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy, along with other forms of psychotherapy that concentrate on a person's family history, may be helpful for people with ADHD. In addition to medicines psychotherapy can assist in addressing the particular issues caused by ADHD like difficulty keeping up with schoolwork, resolving conflicts and being able to get along with others, ignoring important dates or obligations and making impulsive choices that lead to legal or financial problems. Psychotherapy can also help individuals to address and overcome underlying issues that be contributing to their ADHD symptoms, like depression or anxiety. Psychotherapy can help people discover healthy coping techniques and reduce stress. For instance exercising, improving sleep and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to a partner or family member who may be dealing with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Family therapy and marriage counseling can help families and couples communicate better and understand how to manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a form of psychotherapy which focuses on changing the client's negative thinking patterns. It involves a dialog based on skill with an expert in mental health to address the root reason for the symptoms. This treatment aims to help patients overcome difficulties and develop coping skills that are in line with their everyday lives. www.iampsychiatry.uk who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients to recognize unhelpful thoughts and help them build the skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take some time. It is a viable option for those who cannot feel enough relief from their medications. In the course of a recent RCT that was conducted, it was discovered that cognitive behavioral therapy paired with medication is superior to cognitive behavior therapy on its own in terms of improving core symptoms, emotional symptom self-esteem and social functioning for adults with ADHD (Clarke and colleagues. 2017). CBT combined with methylphenidate can be particularly effective for people who have more severe underlying problems. Therapists who provide this type of treatment work with their clients to devise an action plan to address their specific issues. They will teach them a set of practical skills that are easy to master and have a good chance of success. A chart system is often used to track progress and reward positive behaviors. This could be the daily report of a child that outlines the tasks they are required to finish at school or the positive behavior that must be demonstrated, and an organized system for monitoring and rewarding rewards. Therapists can also talk about the possibility that negative consequences may be introduced when a child does not complete their task. This can be done in a very sensitive and calming manner. Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is a brand new type of psychotherapy that assists people change their thinking. This type of treatment is effective for those with a variety of mental health problems, including depression. It is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that assists people in recognizing negative thinking patterns and their effect on their emotions. This type of therapy helps them develop psychological tools that are versatile and useful. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between metacognitive abilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To do this, we compared self and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with the predictors of metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging Information Management and Evaluation). It was observed that comprehensive knowledge was related to daily functioning in adults with ADHD however, the regulatory processes were not. The predictors of metacognition had moderate predictive power, which indicates that they can explain a significant amount of variations in the daily functioning of people with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an treatment which focuses on reversing dysfunctional metacognitive belief patterns that perpetuate states such as worry, rumination and attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model by Wells and Gerald Matthews. A case series has proven the effectiveness of MCT in managing illness anxiety disorder, but it's still relatively new and more research is required to determine its effectiveness for other disorders. This study was conceived to assess the effectiveness of MCT to treat symptoms of anxiety disorder. However it could be used to treat a variety of disorders and is more effective than other treatment. It's important to keep in mind that this isn't an effective treatment for ADHD but it could be employed as an alternative therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy the therapy therapist works with the entire family. Everyone is able to better understand the client's needs and learn how to help their loved family members. It also helps them find ways to cope with their own anxieties and develop healthier communication skills. This kind of counseling can be utilized to treat the underlying conditions, like depression and substance abuse which are frequently associated as part of ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session in order to better understand the family's views and determine if they're suitable for family intervention. This can be done in person or online. The counselor will go over the details of the treatment with each person and spell out the do's and don'ts of family therapy. A therapist who has had experience working with adults suffering from ADHD asks a lot questions to get a better understanding of their present symptoms, their past, and the impact they have on their work, family and relationships. They will also inquire if there are any other mental health issues like anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a structured type of counseling that teaches you to manage your behavior and transform negative patterns of thinking into positive ones. It focuses on boosting self-esteem and self-control by educating you on how to cope with anger and stress. It is a short-term treatment that can be combined with other forms of psychotherapy. Individual therapy can help people with ADHD to overcome the emotional baggage that comes from underachievement and failure. It can also help them deal with relationship conflicts as well as job changes and academic issues. It can teach you stress reduction and coping techniques as well as how to manage your finances and time. It can also address the comorbidity of disorders like depression and anxiety which are frequently associated as a result of ADHD.